The Russian-Japanese War (1904-1905) began in the night of 27 January (9 February, New Style) 1904, when the Russian squadron, standing in the roads of Port Arthur, was attacked. The Russian Manchurian Army had no success with its retrograde-defensive actions. After 157-day defense Port Arthur surrendered in early January 1905 and then in May 1905 the 2nd Squadron and the 1st Detachment of the 3rd Pacific squadron were lost during a naval battle at Tsushima; therefore, Russia had to conclude infamous Portsmouth peace treaty on August 23 (5 September). Mobilization deployment of the medical service units, including staffing, was first performed with «health officers» accumulated after the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878. Main Military Medical Directorate of the Military Ministry, headed by N. V. Speransky, as well as the army commanders in their activities were guided by the newly adopted «Regulations on the management of field forces in time of war,» «Regulations on military medical institutions of wartime» (1887) and «Regulations on the evacuation of the sick and wounded» (1890). During their anti-epidemic activities they relied on the provisions of the «Manual on protection of health of troops of the acting army», «Instruction on the measures against the development and spread of contagious diseases in the army», «Manual on the prevention and limitation of cholera in the troops» and «Instructions on disinfection of residential rooms, linen, clothes, soft bedding and discherge of cholera patients», updated and put into operation in 1905. Sanitary losses of the Russian army over 23 months of war amounted to (with an average number of troops 728,568 people and irretrievable losses of 84,062 people (killed and captured)) 557,854 persons, including 151,944 (27.3 %) wounded and 405,910 (72.7 %) patients. Together, military doctors and medical personnel of the Russian Red Cross Society provided recovery and return to order of 75,606 wounded and 254,621 patients, a total of 330,327 (56.2 %) of those in need. In carrying out their professional duty, total losses among medical personnel amounted to 460 people, among them 84 doctors, 1 pharmacist, 364 medical assistants, 6 sisters of mercy and 5 students. Among full-time porters (paramedics) who worked on the front lines and often on the battlefield, 1020 were killed, 2300 were injured and contused.

A Concept of providing medical assistance to the EMERCOM of Russia main professional contingents under conditions of their everyday activities and in the course of liquidation of the consequences of emergency situations is presented. Comprehensive assessment of these contingents’ health status, theoretical development of the trends and the organization steps of providing medical assistance as well as real-life and experimental studies substantiated the multilevel structural-functional model and the principles of the system for medical assistance to the EMERCOM of Russia main professional contingents.

The composition of microbial markers was studied in the blood of 60 rescue workers of Russia EMERCOM and 59 civilians. Microecological status was comparatively assessed in patients with functional diseases of the gastrointestinal tract vs apparently healthy individuals. Microbiota parameters were quantified in comparison groups. Overgrowth of the gut microbiota, in particular conditionally pathogenic flora, was revealed while normal microflora reduced both in apparently healthy rescue workers and those with gastroenterological diseases.

Long-term results of various surgical options for keratoconus were comparatively assessed: crosslinking, epikeratoplasty and penetrating keratoplasty. Keratoconus was diagnosed in 93 (1.87 %) of 4962 patients examined in the ophthalmology department at the Nikiforov Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine, EMERCOM of Russia. Surgical treatment was performed in 58 patients (87 eyes). Mean follow-up was 2 years (maximum 3.5 years) after the crosslinking, 9 years 11 months (maximum 14 years) after epikeratoplasty, 4 years 9 months (maximum 17 years) after penetrating keratoplasty. During the entire follow-up, the disease has not progressed in the treated patients. The choice of treatment option depended on the stage of keratoconus and the thickness and transparency of the cornea.

We studied the specific conditions of high military schools the formation of sleep disoders in 376 cadets of military high schools aged (19.8 ± 2.2) years. The study was conducted at the Kirov Military Medical Academy, Mikhailovsky Artillery Academy and the Naval Institute. Sleep disorders are shown to occur mostly due to military occupational orientation of a specific high school. Phenomenological features of sleep disorders were considered, along with their impact on occupational performance, emotional state, etc. Factors contributing to sleep disorders in cadets of military schools were analyzed.

Rehabilitation program is described including methods of assessing the current psycho-physiological state and adaptive reserves of the Russian Emercom employees, along with effect of the medical and psychological rehabilitation course on the psychophysiological status, somatic state, and the overall health of 57 employees of Emercom of Russia. Medical and psychological rehabilitation contributes to normalizing processes in CNS: the proportion of people with weak nervous processes decreases, endurance and lability of the nervous processes increases, the average time of sensorimotor responses decreases. Stress and fatigue decrease, with improving general condition and adaptive capabilities.

The peculiarities of treatment for severe decompression disorders manifested as Meniere’s syndrome in divers are described. Appropriate therapeutic recompression procedures were shown to be necessary at any time after manifestation of severe decompression disorders. Oxygen-nitrogen-helium breathing media are reasonable as chamber environment, especially when counter diffusion of indifferent gases is suspected.

Case histories of 340 patients with unstable pelvic injuries were analyzed for healthcare organisation in St. Petersburg in 2013-2014. The circumstances of injury were traffic accidents - 191 (56.2 %), falls from height - 130 (38.2 %) and compression - 19 (5.6 %) cases. Depending on the degree of stability of the pelvic ring, rotationally unstable pelvic injuries (type B) were observed in 242 victims (71.2 %), vertically unstable ones (type C) - in 98 (28.8 %). The requirement to immobilize an unstable pelvic ring during prehospital tranportation was justified. A special multifunction evacuation-transport immobilizing device (METIU) designed by employees of the department of military surgery of Kirov Medical Military Academy (St. Petersburg) provides efficient transport immobilization in unstable pelvic injuries, maximally consistent with the existing system of medical-evacuation measures in settings of modern military conflicts and emergency situations.

The efficiency of diagnosis of microcirculation disorders via laser Doppler flowmetry was assessed when transplanting perfused grafts with temporary pedicles in injured after methane-coal mixture explosions. In the Donetsk burn center, laser Doppler flowmetry was used to study flap microcirculation in 10 patients. Surgical interventions: plasty of hand defects using inguinal flaps - 3 injured, hand plasty with skin-fat flap of the anterior abdominal wall - 3 patients, shin defect plasty with rotary muscle flap of the gastrocnemius muscle - 2 patients, skin-fascial shin flap - 2 patients. In 4 cases microcirculation parameters were decreased. Additional immobilization reduced the bend of the vascular pedicle and improved perfusion back to normal. In two cases (rotary flap of the gastrocnemius muscle), areas without perfusion were revealed after 48 hours; timely correction of the flap prevented necrotic complications. When deciding on timing of cutting off a supply pedicle in one case with inguinal flap and in two cases with skin-fat abdominal flaps, the second phase of plasty was delayed until normal values of microcirculation during three-hour flap workouts. Thus, the laser Doppler flowmetry is an effective method for non-invasive evaluation of the microcirculation in flaps with supply pedicles in the postoperative period, making it possible to identify accurately the early stages of vascular disorders and to plan correctly cutting off graft supply pedicles.

Presented is an experience with negative-pressure wound treatment (NPWT) in extensive infected wounds in the Department of Burn Trauma, Nikiforov Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine, EMERCOM of Russia. Treatment outcomes were analyzed in 32 employees of EMERCOM of Russia with wounds of various etiology, including infected postsurgical wounds - 10 patients, burn trauma - 8, bedsores - 6, diabetic foot syndrome - 4, trophic ulcers of the lower limbs of vascular origin - 4 patients. The study group consisted of 18 patients, the control group - of 14 patients. NPWT was used in the study group, and traditional methods - in the control group. According to our data, NPWT considerably speeds up and optimizes healing compared with conservative methods in the control group. In the study group, the mean duration of treatment was (19.3 ± 13.9) vs (40.0 ± 28.2) days in the control group (p < 0.05). NPWT rapidly (within 3-5 days) stimulated proliferation of optimal granulation tissue and stopped inflammation. Besides, wound defects were statistically significantly reduced, and wounds were prepared for a stage of reconstructive plastic surgery.

One of the aspects of personality identification in emergency situations is described, namely improvement of the last stage of judicial-genetic examination - the evaluation of the obtained results. When examining objects that contain DNA of one person, a sufficient number of loci were identified to categorically conclude about the origin of biological material from a specific person based only on direct comparison of their genetic profiles without probabilistic-statistical evaluation and mathematical calculations.

Results of comparative immunoenzymatic evaluation of neurospecific proteins S-100 and GFAP in blood serum of 52 apparently healthy persons, 175 neurooncologic patients, and 38 patients with brain pathology of non-oncologic origin (neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases) are presented. It was found that the frequency of detection and serum concentration of GFAP was statistically significantly higher in patients with primary malignant brain tumors than in apparently healthy persons or patients with benign tumors. Serum S-100 concentration was statistically significantly higher in patients with primary malignant and metastatic cerebral tumors than in those with neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases. Significant increase of serum GFAP concentration was revealed in patients with primary malignant brain tumors as compared to patients with cerebral metastatic or benign neoplasms and those with non-tumor pathology. GFAP levels were maximal in patients with glioblastoma - a tumor with the highest grade of malignancy. These results suggest a relationship between high serum neurospecific proteins and disrupted blood-brain barrier in case of malignant brain neoplasms.

Based on domestic and foreign research, the current state of the global environmental terrorism along with its types and anthology are considered. Basic concepts and definitions of environmental terrorism are described, transformation of the main paradigms of terrorism is presented as well as real facts and specifics of environmental attacks. The problems of safety in emergency situations of environmental nature, anti-terrorism protection and arrangement of the fight against environmental terrorism in Russia and other countries are presented.

The possibilities and advantages of art therapy are discussed for short-term crisis psychological assistance to families affected with the terrorist act in Beslan (Russia), with serial drawings and stories as an example.

A potential for statistical evaluation of some diagnostic indicators of development and course of burn disease with the help of Markov chains is described in 996 patients. The basis and essence of Markov chain theory are presented using body temperature changes with the basic intensive care in severely burnt patients; hence, statistical evaluation can be performed.