Air medical service operates in most regions of Russia. Over the past years, the use of air medical service to provide routine medical care has decreased by 30 %. Percentage of flights to eliminate health consequences of emergency situations (ES), including traffic accidents, is not more than 10 %. Experience of evacuation of injured has shown that without special aviation medical devices it is impossible to adequately solve the problem of emergency medical evacuations. In this regard, the Russian Emergencies Ministry together with ZAO (closed corporation) «Zarechie» has developed special medical aircraft (helicopter) modules, along with justification of their medical and technical requirements; their necessary equipment and application characteristics were determined, training programs for medical staff were developed. 77 % of ES victims are in severe and extremely severe condition, with concomitant or combined injuries. From 2008 to 2012, using helicopter and aircraft medical modules 315 ES injured were evacuated, including 12 children and 74 patients with the use of mechanical ventilation. Condition of 22.5% of evacuated patients was considered as moderate or severe, 50.8% - as severe, 26.7% - as extremely severe. By example of a fire in the entertaining center called «Lame Horse» (Perm, 2009) it has been demonstrated that the use of medical modules for air medical evacuation reduced mortality rate 3.3 times at prehospital stage and 2 times at the hospital stage (p < 0.05) in comparison with the evacuation without the use of specialized modules.

Traditional and modern methods of ophthalmologic examination of patients with various stages of keratoconus were comparatively assessed. It has been revealed, that at an initial stage of disease when the patient has no complaints, it is impossible to establish diagnosis using only traditional methods of examination. Special examination is needed on WaveLight devices (Allegro Oculyzer II and Topolyzer Vario) which show the minimal cornea changes, characteristic for keratoconus. Research has shown, that late keratoconus can be successfully diagnosed by traditional methods, while data from sensitive devices are not always informative and accurate. At initial stages, special examination is necessary.

The analysis of vegetative status and motor-evacuation biliary tract function has been conducted in rescue workers of Russian Emercom and civilians with metabolic syndrome. The interaction between vegetative status rates and impaired bile-excreting regulation has been revealed. It was found out that sympathetic tone of vegetative nerve system domination is typical for rescue workers with metabolic syndrome. Unlike civilians, Russian Emercom rescue workers are characterized by impaired biliary tract motor function along with the development of biliary sludge and cholesterosis. At the same time, liver parenchymatous changes have been mostly observed in civil people.

The article provides a review of foreign literature on the thermal injury in terrorist acts. Unpredictable conditions of terrorist acts and the resulting consequences are reported. As a rule, young people about 35 years and children suffer. Panic among the population, the combination of burns with mechanical injuries etc occur. A great number of victims are simultaneously admitted to the nearest hospitals. Often, they have extensive and even critical burns, inhalation injuries, which can lead to a lethal outcome. But in most cases, the area of the burn is 10-20 %. All this leads to considerable expenses for medical treatment. Most of the victims need psychological help. Due to the above features, mathematical analysis is needed to predict forces and means of rescue services in case of the terrorist attacks.

Heart rate variability method was considered to be useful for estimating stress-resistance and early diagnostics of stress-induced disorders risk in cadets of Russia Emercom educational institutions. Pitted keratolysis (PK) has been chosen as a model of a stress-induced illness. This method includes analysis before and after a 15 min. thermal test on the sole. If the LF/HF indicator is not reduced in comparison with the initial (baseline) test, thus the risk of PK development is increased. The method was tested on the cadets enrolled into the Institute in 2013 under the experimental extreme conditions. The objective indicators of method diagnostic value are as follows: sensitivity - 78.6 %, specificity - 80.6 %, prognostic value of the positive outcome is 61.1 %; prognostic value of the negative outcome - 90 %; precision index - 80 %. It has been convincingly shown that, with a sufficient repeatability, sensitivity and specificity, this method increases accuracy of detecting the risk of development and reoccurrence of PK in unfavorable hygienic conditions, thus helping to reduce disease incidence via preventive treatment.

Normative and theoretical basis for the creation, development and organization of medical forces and assets of the Russian Emergencies Ministry is presented, along with possibilities and perspectives of using specialized firehouse medical service of Federal Fire Service of Russian Emercom, field mobile medical team, airmobile hospital of Russian Emercom, Nikiforov Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine, EMERCOM of Russia, and its regional branches, multifunctional mobile medical diagnostic point for emergency assistance to victims of emergency situations (ES) in the settings of destructed infrastructure, helicopter and aircraft medical units for medical assistance during the liquidation of health and social consequences of emergencies.

Clinical and laboratory markers of bone metabolism disorders were assessed in firefighters with varying degrees of dental changes in osteopenic syndrome associated with acid-related diseases. Studies have shown that the decrease of mineral density in osseous tissue is accompanied by changes in biochemical parameters: the level of parathyroid hormone and the concentration of total magnesium increase, the level of ionized calcium, total testosterone and free androgen index reduce. The interrelation of hormonal and metabolic parameters with diseases of hard tissues of teeth was shown. Acid-related diseases are accompanied by changes of mineral metabolism indicators. The lowest concentration of ionized calcium is observed in atrophic gastritis, the highest - in peptic ulcer.

The article is devoted to results of studies of the clinical features and laboratory manifestations of HIV infection, opportunistic infections, comorbidities and antiretroviral therapy among prisoners in Tajikistan. Prisoners comprise about 11 % of total number of HIV patients in the Republic. Importance of comprehensive laboratory diagnosis is stressed as a basis for prescribing all kinds of adequate treatment. The need to develop a medical and social support program for drug addicts and HIV-infected prisoners released from penitentiaries is discussed.

Nitrogen oxides play a key role in the development of environment-related lung diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchial asthma, interstitial lung fibrosis) via initiation of bronchoalveolar epithelium damage and cell death. Nitrogen oxides are among the most dangerous air toxicants released during burning of nitrogen-containing polymeric materials. Analysis of recent domestic and foreign publications suggests that the damaging effect of nitrogen dioxide on the bronchial epithelium and lung structure is associated with the initiation of nitrative-oxidative stress in epithelial and alveolar cells. The most vulnerable cells are alveolocytes of 2nd type involved in the surfactant synthesis and representing a pool of progenitor cells with a great reparative potential. Inhaled nitrogen dioxide affects alveolar population of inflammation effector cells, changing their activation status and profile of produced cytokines. Nitrogen dioxide and its reactive forms can act as signaling molecules participating in the transmission of various signals that induce epithelial cell apoptosis or survival. Developing approaches to activate the regenerative potential of lung autologous stem cells and launch the process of damaged epithelium self-healing can be a strategy of bronchial epithelium morphofunctional integrity restoration.

Personality orientations were studied in 281 cadets and 78 specialists of the State Fire Service (SFS), EMERCOM of Russia. Based on severity of value preferences, examinees were divided into 3 groups according to the direction of life values: 1st - with a humanistic orientation, 2nd - with a pragmatic one, 3rd - equally oriented. The first group included 40 % of the students and 59 % of specialists, the 2nd - 47 and 33 %, and the 3rd - 13 and 8 %, respectively. Personality orientations in the individual cadets and SFS specialists significantly differed in terms of success in professional activity. Coincidence of such personal values as self-development, spiritual fulfillment, active social contacts and creativity, which characterize the humanistic orientation of the individual with the system of professional values, determines the formation of professional competence of employees of the SFS, EMERCOM of Russia. Severity of emotional dysfunctions was analyzed in SFS specialists with different professional experience and leading orientation of life values. Average indices of emotional disorders severity by V.V. Boyko questionnaire (73.3 ± 4.1) points for the entire sample give no grounds for diagnosing their emotional burnout. However, the results from a sample with work experience of 20 years shows that increased experience is associated with more frequent emotional disorders up to burnout, especially among workers with pragmatic value orientations.

The dynamics of mental status changes in personality traits and morbidity was assessed in 40 employees of law enforcement bodies (LEB) within 1 year after participation in the anti-terrorist operation in the Chechen Republic. Presence in a military conflict zone was established to significantly affect physical health and mental well-being of law enforcement officers; as a result, new premorbid personality features are acquired and existing features are modified. In 17.5 % of law enforcement officers negative border-line (non-pathological) consequences of participation in armed conflicts were revealed: signs of psychophysiological fatigue, mental stress, frequent and prolonged morbidity, increased pessimism, impulsivity, rigidity, aggression and nonconformism due to a lack of self-control. They may develop explosive or mixed reactivity, depression, neurotic or psychosomatic disorders, maladjustment. In 45 % of combatants, adaptive (compensating - protective) reactions dominated: suspiciousness, increased caution, sensitivity to danger, emotional coldness, the ability to think analytically based on intuition, minimum information and ignoring emotions; actualization of defense mechanisms of repression, projection and intellectual transformation of anxiety, subjective distancing from what is going on. 37.5 % of law enforcement officers demonstrate an active, rational and practical behavior, determination, courage, ability to unconventional problem solving, good intuition and quick response, wise attitude to life''s problems and optimism despite the traumatic situation.

Issues of psychophysiological and medical support of military women in the Armed Forces of Russia and foreign countries at the present stage are addressed. Most modern armies have 1-3 % of females among soldiers. World experience shows that without reducing readiness and combat capability, percentage of women in the Army and Navy may reach 11 %. In the power structures of Russia, there were up to 500 thousand military women, in the Ministry of Defense - about 90 thousand. Fruitful opportunities to improve women''s military service are suggested. Attention is focused on the fact that gender issues with regard to women''s military contingent of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and the research work for military service optimization in peacetime and wartime have a great socio-cultural and economic value, making a significant contribution to the economy and improving the country''s defense. It is proposed to create a research center (department, laboratory) for studying psycho-physiological problems of professional activity of military women on the basis of S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy.

The most common modern scientometric indicators are described in detail. The algorithms of search and analysis of journal publications in bibliographic databases Scopus and Russian Index of Science Citation (RISC) are provided. In the field of disaster medicine (DM) in 2005-2009, search modes revealed 3112 articles in Scopus worldwide, 1366 domestic articles in RISC, including 60.9% with full texts; 359 articles (or 26.3%) were available to users of the Scientific Electronic Library for free. The greatest number of articles on DM have been published by scientists from the USA (38 %), UK (5.4 %), Japan (5.2 %), Australia (4.3 %), and Canada (4.0 %). There is a low integration of Russian scientists in the world scientific community. Russia in terms of publications on DM (33 articles ) took 12th place in the world. In the period under review, (345 ± 15) articles on DM were published annually in the world, while in Russia - (152 ±6) articles. Typically, domestic articles contained redundant group of authors, with a low level of citations. In the global sample, 56.5 % of articles were cited, with the average 4.41 citations per article and Hirsch index 44, while in the domestic articles 26.7 %, 0.51 and 7, respectively. 42.8 % of the citations of domestic articles are self-citations. Organizations, journals and authors who published the largest number of articles on DM were identified, and the analysis of scientometric indicators of their publications was performed. Measures to improve the citation level of domestic articles are outlined.