Toxic and  vital elements were assessed in the staff of the  Federal Fire Service of Russia Emercom with diseases of the  digestive system. A group of virtually healthy men without exposure to negative occupational factors was  examined as a control group. To evaluate the  toxicbioelements in the  body, chemical composition of hair samples, blood serum, saliva, urine and  gastric content was  examined. As a result of a comprehensive analysis of the  element status in the staff of the Federal Fire Service with digestive diseases, accumulation of  aluminum, cadmium and  lead  in biological media was  detected along with reduced concentration of vital elements: copper, zinc, selenium.

Infusion transfusion therapy is an  integral part  of emergency medical care in nearly  70 % of victims  in emergency situations (ES)  with injuries, burns and bleeding. Information about the development of blood transfusion during armed conflicts and  local  wars  in XVIII–XX  centuries is provided. The  leading role  of stage evacuation treatment of  the  wounded and injured in wartime and peacetime emergency situations is shown. The most useful is the  two  stage treatment of injured by using modern means of delivery  from the emergency area to hospitals for the provision of skilled and  specialized care. The necessity of early  initiation of infusion transfusion therapy to improve treatment outcomes in patients from  the  stage of first medical aid  up  to the  provision of skilled  and  / or specialized care is substantiated.

Data  on the  effectiveness of smoking cessation  in 50 patients with COPD (severity degree II–III) aged 42 to 71  years (17  women and  33  men) were  analyzed depending on the  degree of nicotine dependence  by Fagerstromtest, motivation to quit smoking (smoking motivation) by Horn  questionnaire, depressive and anxiety  disorders severity by the  Hospital anxiety  and Depression Scale (HADS). Most smokers have  tried many  times before to quit smoking (88  %). The main reason for smoking cessation was deteriorating health (60  %).  The  incidence of  anxiety  and  depressive disorders, defined by HADS was  21.6  % for anxiety and 13.5 % for depression. The presence of depression, even subclinical, in COPD patients was associated with the  type   of  smoking behavior characterized  by increased smoking factors. COPD  patients with the lack  of significantly expressed symptoms of anxiety and  depression managed to quit smoking.

Spasticity after  stroke is detected when  assessing passive movements of the limbs as the high resistance of muscle in response to its rapid stretching. In a broad sense, spasticity is defined as any increase in muscle tone caused by brain  damage. In this  regard, some authors refer to it the  rigidity as well. Rigidity is the involuntary muscle  activity  increase that  occurs in response to  its  passive stretching and  detectable throughout the muscle. However, the predominant type of increased muscle tone in the post stroke paresis is spasticity, although in some muscles rigidity  may occur; this  is a mixed  type  of muscle hypertonicity. Patients (434 persons) undergoing neurorehabilitation after  a stroke with spastic movement disorders were under study. A significant association of the  type  of muscle hypertonicity with localization of stroke was identified. The  most effective way of rehabilitation in mixed  spastic muscle hypertonicity was  suggested.

The analysis of accidents with divers  in the  Soviet Union,  the  Russian Federation and  foreign countries was  performed.  According to  studies by  different authors, the  death rate due  to accidents while diving among the  population of professional divers  is from 0.1  to 2%  per  year. In recent years, more and  more injuries  during sports and  recreational diving  are observed. Factors contributing to  accidents while diving are  summarized.

The  relationship was  assessed between localiza tion  of atrophy in 86  patients with chronic atrophic gastritis and  different types of contamination of the mucous membrane of the  stomach by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). The average age of the  patients was (54.9 ± 1.6)  years. Н. pylori was  absent in 55.8  % of patients. In the presence of H. pylori infection, atrophic changes significantly more frequently (p < 0.05) are localized both  in the  mucosa of the  body  and  antrum. In general, H. pylori does not  affect disregeneration changes (intestinal metaplasia and  dysplasia) in the antral mucosa  of  patients with  chronic atrophic gastritis. However, colonic type  intestinal metaplasia is detected significantly more frequently (p < 0.05) in the  antral mucosa only at the  persistence of H. pylori infection in the  antrum lining than  without  it, which certainly increases the  risk of stomach cancer.

Because of HIV epidemic progression, the study of psychophysiological state of patients is very important for the  purpose of adequate treatment, rehabilitation and  social actions. This review is devoted to questions of the morphology, clinics, diagnosis and  treatment of neuroAIDS. It's noted that  the  objective estimation of professional suitability of patients requires further study of mechanisms of intellectual mental disturbances. The study of HIV neurocognitive disorders brings us to the biopsychosocial model of treatment, which enables a holistic  approach to each patient, with assessment of his individual personality characteristics, severity of physical illness, clinical  picture of psychopathology, as well as interpersonal and  social interaction.

The review of data on the use of mass spectrometry of microbial markers (MSMM)  to  study the  micro ecology of man  is provided. The method gives  a new version of the  molecular microbiological testing by allowing the  simultaneous quantification of more than a  hundred microbial markers directly in biological samples without  prior  cultivation of microorganisms and  the use of biochemical testing materials / genetic primers. Getting real  time advanced information about anaerobes and  aerobes which are hard to cultivate, as well as actinobacteria, viruses, yeasts and  fungi from one  sample provides a comprehensive understanding of the microbial etiology of the disease. We obtained a new confirmation of polymicrobial nature of infectious processes, as well as conventional division  into pathogenic and  nonpathogenic microbes. MSMM data suggest that  anaerobic genera Clostridium, Eubacterium, Propionibacterium, and  actinobacteria Streptomyces, Nocardia, Rhodococcus dominate in polymicrobial infections.  Translocation  of  these organisms with Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium from the intestine into sites of inflammation has been proved. In inflamed organ, the  concentration of their  markers is greater than  in the blood of the same patient, which indicates their reproduction in the organ itself. Quanti tative  measurements by MSMM allow us  to study the dynamics of changes in the microbiota during therapeutic activities, including the  influence of antibiotics and probiotics on intestinal parietal microbiota.

Physiological mechanisms  that  cause functional impairment of physical condition in specialists of diving service during performance of military professional tasks in the  aquatic environment were  analyzed; the basic causes of their  emergence and  development were  established. Based on these data, the programs of using fitness effects that  improve physical fitness and  functional reserves in divers  are  described.

Parameters of physical fitness and  psycho physiological state of the  body  are  analyzed in flight personnel according to a specially designed program for survival in extreme situations. In the  course of the pedagogical experiment it turned out that  the pilots  of the experimental group (n = 35) systematically engaged in physical exercises aacording to a special program showed higher scores when  solving  complex profes sional  tasks than  the  flight crews of the  control group (n = 35).  In the  experimental group, the  number of excellent (14.3 %) and good (22.8 %) ratings increased with a decrease in ratings of satisfactory knowledge and  skills for survival from 42.3  to 14.3  % (p < 0,05).

Mycotoxins zearalenone, aflatoxin B1 and ochre toxin A are  the  most common contaminants of food and  feed, and  have  genotoxic and  carcinogenic properties. Comet assay was used to study combined genotoxic effects of aflatoxin  B1 (0.0257 mg),  ochratoxin A (0.0128 mg)  and  zearalenone (0.0064 mg)  in vivo in the  cells  of the  bone marrow and  blood leu kocytes of Wistar rats at 15 , 30 and 60  day treatment. Genotoxic activity  of the  studied mycotoxins was revealed. It was most pronounced in blood leukocytes after  60  day  treatment and  in bone marrow cells  also after  a  30  day  treatment. It is shown that  rat  bone marrow cells compared with blood leukocytes are much more sensitive to the  action of the  mycotoxin combination under study.

In order to identify the  characteristics of the  mani festations of psychological maladjustment among law enforcement personnel with a variable length of service, 153  persons were  surveyed. Marked changes  are founded in the  staff  with professional experience less than 5 and more than 15 years. Among employees with experience less than  5 years, every  tenth person has the  signs of  mental maladjustment such as high anxiety, sleep disturbances, decreased motivation to work, low tolerance to unfavorable vocational factors. At the  experience of over  15  years, every  seventh employee has psychological maladjustment in the form of  low neuro psychological stability, professional burnout syndrome, a high  level of personal anxiety, and difficulties in relationships with others. Approaches to improve psychological support of law  enforcement officers are  suggested considering their  professional experience.

Professional orientation was studied in anesthesio -logists. This parameter was investigated depending on level of psychological tension. Materials of survey of 101 anesthesiologists are  presented. Physicians were tested by Kuhl and  Nemchin methods. The  received results showed that most anesthesiologists, regardless of level of psychological tension, situationally oriented to  solve  current problems connected  with critical conditions in patients, unlike  the  promotional orien tation  directed to achieve a certain end  result. Need for development of programs for psychological follow up in order to prevent motivational deficiency is shown.

The problems of professional health are  analyzed in Russian managers in terms of their  social security and  protection. The  results of the  study of psycho logical  aspects of occupational health are  provided. The  basic modules of the  program for psychological support of professional health in managers are  pre sented.

The  results of the  evaluation of the  psychological characteristics of protective and  coping behavior among conscripts and contractors in the rescue military formations of Russian Emercomare  provided. Their coping strategies,  personality and  environmental coping resources and  psychological defense mechanisms are  compared. Using  a  regression analysis, psycho diagnostic algorithms for adaptation prediction in personnel of rescue military units  are  developed on the basis of informative indicators of protective coping behavior.

An algorithm for  searching the  global  array  of dissertations in the database ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Database is provided. Search mode «Everywhere except the  full text,  ALL», the  phrase «clinical psychology», and  time  period from  1980  to  2012 revealed 30,545 doctoral dissertations in clinical psychology. Annually,  (930   ±  120)   theses were submitted to the universities for public defense all over the  world.  Since 2007, there has  been a significant increase in the number of dissertations – up to (2230 ± 230)  theses each year. 97.2  % of dissertations were published in English. In the  United  States there were produced 92 % of doctoral theses, in Canada – 5.6 %, in Great Britain – 1.1 %. No Russian theses were found in the ProQuest database. The analysis of the dynamics and structure of domestic and foreign dissertations was performed.