Relevance. Due to the military and political circumstances in Russia after 1917, the sanitary and statistical report on the First World War (1914-1918) was not compiled. Intention. To present the most important events and information, much less known to readers, concerning the professional activity of the medical service of the Russian army during the First World War. Methods. Archival documents and publications of leading experts in the organization and tactics of the army medical service were analyzed. Results and Discussion. Information is presented on the mobilization deployment of medical forces and equipment, their condition during the war, the size and structure of the sanitary losses of the troops (approximately 9 million 366,6 thousand people, including 3 million 730,3 thousand wounded and gas-poisoned and 5 million 571,1 thousand patients, of which 264,2 thousand were infectious patients), the working conditions of military medical units and institutions, medical units of the Russian Red Cross Society, other public organizations both in the army and on the home front. Particular attention is paid to improving the methods of rendering surgical care on the basis of their stage treatment proposed by Prof. V.A. Oppel in October 1915, as well as the Institution of front and army consultants created by Prof. ON. Velyaminov. There are sections on the organization of individual protection of personnel from the combat chemical agents, including the first insulating gas mask designed by N.D. Zelinsky, the protection of troops from the spread of infectious diseases, in particular typhoid and cholera, their specific prevention and mass vaccination. Problems of military medical supply are summarized. Some 40–50 % of all wounded and 62% of all patients were returned to the ranks via selfless efforts of physicians, i.e. about 42.4 % of the total number of wounded, sick and gas-poisoned. The total losses of medical personnel of the Russian army in the First World War amounted to 6,218 people, including 898 injured and poisoned, 4,472 patients with various diseases, and 848 dead. Conclusion. The information provided reveals the nature of the mobilization deployment, the medical forces and means of the active army, the stages of medical and medical evacuation of the wounded and sick, and sanitary losses.

Relevance. In 2000–2015 in Russia, (988 ± 87) persons and (30.2 ± 1.0) thousand persons died and (366.3 ± 306.1) and (265.0 ± 4.7) thousand were injured every year in emergency situations and road accidents, respectively. High rates of death and injury necessitate timely and appropriate delivery of the first aid, which is often the decisive factor in saving lives. Intention. Epidemiological assessment of injuries in which the EMERCOM rescue personnel provide first aid to the injured. Methods. Results of a survey of 259 rescue workers and 436 firefighters of EMERCOM of Russia using a specially developed questionnaire “First Aid to Victims” (91 questions) were analyzed. Results and Discussion. The pronounced differences were revealed in the types of emergencies in which rescue workers and firefighters of EMERCOM of Russia provided the first aid. There were only mild differences in localization of injuries, the condition of the injured, the types of damage, the frequency of transport immobilization, the stoppage of bleeding, resuscitation measures that were provided by firefighters and rescue workers within the first aid procedure. Conclusion. It is pointed out that it is possible to organize medical training, equipping and developing common algorithms for the provision of first aid to those affected by the disaster.

 

Relevance. A special problem is the development and progression of hypertension in marine specialists serving in the Far North, who have been subjected to long-term stress-induced effects throughout their professional activities. Intention. The aim is to study dysfunctions in interaction between the central nervous system, vegetative regulation and the clinical course of hypertension in marine specialists. Methods. 54 patients (men) aged 30 to 45 years with an average age (34.0 ± 8.4) years were examined; Group 1 (n = 34) – patients with arterial hypertension and asthenoneurotic disorders (marine specialists from the floating crew of surface ships serving in the Far North); Group 2 (n = 20) – patients with arterial hypertension without psychological disturbances (specialists from coastal detachments and units). Psychological status, neuropsychic adaptation and cardiovascular systems were studied. The qualitative and quantitative pair correlations between these indicators were evaluated. Results and Discussion. Regulatory dysfunctions in patients of Group 1 are associated with psychological and psychophysiological status (high anxiety, depression and stress-mediated reactions), autonomic regulation (low level of β-endorphin, sympathicotonia and autonomic stimulation) and cardiovascular functions (high average systolic and diastolic blood pressure, as well as during the daytime and nighttime). Conclusion. According to the obtained data, new comprehensive treatments for marine specialists are needed.

 

Relevance. Timely tertiary assistance is the most important predictor of victim survival; for this, fairly fast patient transfer directly to a specialized institution or rapid arrival of highly qualified doctors are required. Here, rescuers and medical personnel should cooperate. However, so-called sanitary aviation defined as a single service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations and the Ministry of Health actually cannot operate in the Luhansk People’s Republic (LPR), Republic of Ukraine, during the armed conflict. Functions of sanitary aviation in the LPR are assigned to the Emergency and Elective Advisory Service and Medical Evacuation Department of the Lugansk Republican Center for Emergency Medical Care and Disaster Medicine (Center). Intention. Summarize the experience of organizing the work of the Emergency and Elective Advisory Medical Aid and Medical Evacuation Department of the Lugansk Republican Center for Emergency Medical Care and Disaster Medicine over the first year of operation. Methodology. The sources of information for this purpose were official statistical data (plans and reports of the Center, reports of public health institutions of the LPR). Results and Discussion. The analysis showed that emergency and planned consultative specialized medical assistance to individuals in the territory of the LPR in the context of unfinished armed conflict is rendered both outside the health care institution, and in the settings of any LPR hospital free of charge round-the-clock and without delay in the mode of daily activities and high availability. More than 75 highly qualified medical professionals work in the department of the Center, of which 9 have doctorate degrees. For their transportation, specialized sanitary vehicles with up-to-date equipment are used (based on the Peugeot Boxer and Ford Transit). However, their deficiency amounts to 90%. On-site and further assistance in the evacuation process includes various interventions, anesthesia and intensive care, and television and medical technology. In general, over 2016 the Department received 1230 calls, of which 640 – from medical institutions in Lugansk, the rest – from the regions of the Republic. At the same time, 1336 patients (956 adults and 380 children) were examined and 249 surgical procedures were performed on site (195 adults and 54 children). The staff of Center also deliver medical equipment, blood, medicines etc. to the health care institutions of the LPR. The Center significantly improved the quality of tertiary medical care for the population in case of sudden diseases and life-threatening conditions in remote areas of the LPR. Conclusion. It is necessary to resolve issues with modern equipment of sanitary transport, training in emergency medical care using algorithms with proven effectiveness, as well as establishing interactions between the specialists of the Center and the health care institutions of the LNR to improve the outcomes of medical and sanitary care for the population of the LPR in the context of the unfinished armed conflict.

 

Relevance. Summarized data on the level of mental disorders in the military personnel of the US and British armies are presented. The analysis of mental disorders in general for the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (the Russian Armed Forces) was not conducted. Intention. The aim is to study the dynamics of mental disorders among military personnel of the Russian Armed Forces by groups of mental disorders from 2003 to 2016 in the categories of servicemen: officers, contract servicemen (privates and sergeants), female servicemen and military conscripts. Methods. We conducted a statistical analysis of 60 % of medical reports on the health of personnel and medical service activity according to 3/MED Form for the period from 2003 to 2016. We calculated the standard medical-statistical characteristics of mental disorders for groups (blocks) of class V “Mental disorders and Behavioral Disorders” of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, the 10th revision (ICD-10). Results and Discussion. The general morbidity rate of mental disorders in the Russian Armed Forces was (12.94 ± 0.57) ‰, the primary morbidity rate – (7.37 ± 0.23) ‰, the follow-up rate – (1.64 ± 0.10) ‰, the hospitalization rate – (6.96 ± 0.28) ‰, days of work loss – (192.9 ± 7.8) ‰, the dismissal rate for health reasons – (4.34 ± 0.25). A contribution of mental disorders to the structure of the morbidity indicators of servicemen for 15 classes of ICD-10 was found to be low (about 1%, ranks 12–14) . However, mental disorders account for 37.6 % (1st rank) of the general dismissal in the Russian Armed Forces, which highlights their high social significance. In the structure of morbidity, about 70–80 % of all indicators were determined by the military conscripts. About 70–80 % of the medical-statistical indicators of morbidity in the Russian Armed Forces were determined by 5 groups of mental disorders: the 1st group (organic, including symptomatic, psychiatric disorders, F00–F09 according to ICD-10), 2nd (mental and behavioral disorders due to psychoactive substance use, F10–F19), 4th (mood (affective) disorders, F30–F39), 5th (anxiety, dissociative, stress-related and somatoform disorders, F40–F48), 7th (disorders of adult personality and behavior, F60–F69). Conclusion. Targeting psychopreventive measures on the disorders of the abovementioned groups and, first of all, on neurotic and somatoform disorders, will contribute to the increase of mental health in servicemen of the Armed Forces of Russia.

 

Results and Discussion. The specific effect of ionizing radiation, observed in somatic cells of different organisms, is double-strand DNA breaks with the subsequent formation of chromosomal aberrations of unstable type. These aberrations are followed be the appearance of several types of nuclear anomalies in the interphase of the cell cycle. Among such anomalies, micronuclei, «tailed» nuclei, nucleoplasmic bridges, and also dumbbell-formed nuclei are distinguished. In the review, these types of karyopathology and the underlying molecular mechanisms are described in detail, and literature data describing these anomalies in different organisms are given. The detection of nuclear anomalies in somatic cells not only of humans, but also of plants and animals, allows us to conclude that these changes in the structure of the nucleus are universal markers of ionizing radiation effect. Conclusion. The use of a set of these types of karyopathology as radio-specific biomarkers seems promising for the creation of a universal protocol of a biodosimetric test for a comprehensive assessment of the state of natural ecosystems and human health in conditions of radiation contamination.

 

Relevance. Emergencies, both of natural and anthropogenic origin, are accompanied by a large number of injuries and wounds, the treatment of which is associated with great difficulties due to frequent infectious complications and lethargic repair of damaged tissues. Promising approach to this problem is the use of antioxidants to reduce the severity of inflammation and stimulate repair. Intention. To evaluate the efficacy of topical application of the antioxidant composition based on selenium for acceleration of reparative processes in woundу. Methods. Experimental studies were carried out on 45 male Wistar rats. Wounds in rats were modeled under ether anesthesia by up to 4 cm excision of a pre-depilated area of the skin of the back to the underlying fascia. Wounds were treated by daily dressings with 0.5 % sodium selenite vs dimethyl sulfoxide solvent as a comparator. The presence and nature of the inflammatory reaction, the condition of edges and bottom of wounds, time to cleaning out necrotic tissues and the appearance of granulation, the nature of granulation tissue, time to the onset of epithelialization of wounds and the general condition of animals, the cytogram of wound prints, and the activity of antioxidant protection enzymes were evaluated in rats. Results and Discussion. It has been established that local use of sodium selenite has a stimulating effect on reparative processes in the wound due to increased activity of antioxidant enzymes. Thus, after 6-day treatment. sodium selenite increased catalase activity by 18.1 %, glutathione peroxidase by 63.2 %, glutathione reductase by 46.1 % compared to ointment with dimethyl sulfoxide. It was revealed that enhanced antioxidant protection of wound tissues accelerates maturation of granulations and wounds heal 1.6 times faster than in the control group. Conclusion. Medicinal compositions with sodium selenite are promising for local treatment of wounds.

 

Relevance. Moving to a distance with more than 3 hour time difference is a serious challenge for bodily functions. Intention. The purpose of research – to study consistent patterns of individual adaptogenesis based on immunobiological indices. Methods. Research data of 52 recruites during the first 6 months after their arrival to the place of service are given. A laboratory study of the exhaled air condensate (EAC), saliva, urine was carried out three times (3 days, 3rd and 6th month after moving to new climatogeographical and social conditions). The control group consisted of 108 healthy conscripts living permanently in the region. The groups were well balanced by age. For the study, substrates obtained by non-invasive sampling (condensation of exhaled air, saliva, urine) were used. The results obtained were processed using parametric analysis. Results and Discussion. It was revealed that all the changes in the parameters are subject to the same regularity – wavelike dynamics – a damped sinusoid, the amplitude and width of which depended on metabolism blocking or activating components to preserve homeostasis. Conclusion. As a result, there were proposed the markers of adaptation to changing environmental conditions in the first halfyear of service: total protein, uric acid and immunoglobulin A in the condensate of exhaled air; esterase and protein-carbohydrate ratio in the saliva; and nitrogen oxide and medium molecules in the urine. Their changes were statistically significant and fully reflected the course of adaptation reactions.

 

Relevance. The relationship between the uranium exposure and human health is debated. The exposure to depleted uranium is possible at uranium mining and processing enterprises, as well as during military conflicts. Depleted uranium is a polytropic toxic substance that can cause not only irreversible damage to the kidneys, but also disrupt the functional activity of various compartments of the immune system. Intention. The main purpose of the work is to examine the kidneys and the immune system after an acute combined exposure to depleted uranium. Methods. The study involved 40 outbred rats and 80 mice CBA. The functional activity of kidneys and the immune system was assessed after an acute exposure to depleted uranium salts. Soluble uranium salts were administered intratracheally, intragastrically and via combined intratracheal + intragastric + cutaneous routes. Results and Discussion. Metabolic disorders with predominant renal damage were observes (reduced total serum protein, sodium, albumin and alkaline phosphatase activity, increased urea and creatinine levels). Uranium had nephrotoxic effects. The uranium exposure increased the urine concentration of lipocalin-2, KIM-1 and β-2 microglobulin. According to the results, T-helpers and immunoregulatory index were reduced, СD8+ T-cell activity was increased, as well as the frequency of early and late apoptotic and necrotic death of immune cells, and antibody production. Reduction of T-cell functional activity was also observed. Conclusion. The results can be used to conduct medical examinations in persons affected by depleted uranium, as well as to improve the effectiveness of early diagnosis of the consequences of uranium exposure.

 

Relevance. Currently, there are no universal laboratory hardware methods for assessing the effectiveness of ergatic systems, which allow setting loads of varying complexity and performing automated and visual (graphical) analysis of the results of collectively performed work. Purpose. To develop and test experimentally the possibility of using a new technology to assess the performance of ergatic systems. Methodology. Ergographic modeling of ergatic systems via complex group activities with undefined contribution from each participant of the experiment. Results and their analysis. The methodology determines functions and roles of members of a small group, identifies leadership qualities, assesses preparedness of small groups to complex coordinated activities. Conclusion. The technology can be recommended for enrolling members of small groups and assessing their performance during activities requiring complex visual-motor coordination (military teams, rescuers, athletes), as well as for consolidation of team members.

 

Relevance. According to the results of several recent studies, a high risk of a terrorist threat causes extremely negative emotions with increased anxiety, thus disrupting intersystem regulation and triggering somatic disorders. Intention. To assess psychological status of girls whose mothers survived high terrorist threat. Methods. Psychodiagnosis results from 548 girls aged 11–14 years old from the Republic of Dagestan were analyzed. Mothers of 270 of them were exposed to the threat of terrorism and terrorist occupation in 1999, and 278 girls were the offspring of mothers not exposed to the vital stress. The analysis showed that mild or masked depression occurred more frequently in the offspring of mothers with life-threatening exposure compared to girls whose mothers have not experienced the vital stress. Results and Discussion. Girls whose mothers with life-threatening experience in preconception period demonstrated a high level of neuroticism combined with introvertness and falsity, they tended to low self-esteem, which is consistent with high aggressiveness and predisposes to disruption of interpersonal contacts and social adaptation in general. They tended to coldness, formal contacts, as a rule, showed little interest in the life of the school community and behaved destructively in conflicts. As compared to girls whose mothers had not suffered vital stress, levels of physical aggression, negativism, suspiciousness, and verbal aggression were high. Fear, unjustified resentment, weak emotional control, low level of responsibility and moodiness, increased impulsivity, anxiety, distractibility and lack of concentration were also typical. The most important personality characteristics of these girls were as follows: low level of emotional stability, frustration and high level of anxiety. Conclusion. The obtained results show detrimental effects of the vital stress in mothers on the mental status of their offspring in the long term.