Executing the decision of the Crimea Conference (Yalta, February 1945), in August 9 – September 2, 1945 Russia conducted Manchurian military operation to crush the Kwantung Army and liberated Manchuria, North Korea, South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands from the Japanese occupation in order to speed up the surrender of Japan. The total number of Soviet Far East group, including the Pacific Fleet and Amur Flotilla, at the beginning of the Manchurian Operation amounted to more than 1 million 669,5 thousand military men. During the fighting, the overall health loss amounted to 36,124 military personnel, including battle injuries – 23,839, patients – 12,285. Cumulative sanitary losses in troops were just 19.5 % of predicted ones (battle injuries 16.3 %, patients 51.5 %). The total number of defeats in battle within the whole group of forces of the Transbaikal Front amunted to 16.9 % (0.59 % of the total staff), the 1st Far Eastern Front – 64.1 and 2.46 % and the 2nd Far Eastern Front – 19 and 0.69 %. Of 423 hospitals with 164.5 thousand regular beds allocated to three fronts involved in the Manchurian operation, 219 institutions with 95 thousand of beds (57.8 %) were at the front hospital bases and 204 medical institutions with 69.5 thousand regular beds (42.2 %) – at army hospital bases. Field mobile hospitals and hospitals for slightly wounded amounted to 60.5 % of the total capacity of army hospital bases that should be deemed insufficient. Among the wounded being treated, 50 % were returned to the ranks from Health battalions of divisions, 15 % from army hospitals and 14 % from the front hospitals.

A historical background of Federal State Budgetary Institution of Public Health Central Polyclinic N 72, EMERCOM of Russia is briefly described. The Polyclinic today is a modern medical diagnostic and treatment center with a team of qualified professionals using state-of-the-art equipment of leading Russian and foreign brands. The Polyclinic employs 60 doctors, including 2 Honored Doctors of the Russian Federation, 3 Honored Workers of Health Services of the RF, 2 Doctors of Medical Sciences, 12 PhDs and 85 nurses. The clinic offers medical and preventive care to 14.5 thousand Russian emergency workers, their families and 18 thousand residents of Moscow. Annually the Polyclinic serves 130–150 thousand visits. A plan for visits in the Polyclinic and at home (government order) was 103 % fulfilled in 2014. A structure of patient visits by medical departments as well as the amount of clinical and laboratory tests and procedures are specified for 2012–2014. In 2014, an in-depth medical examination was carried out in 97.1 % of the employees of EMERCOM of Russia attached to the Polyclinic (2012 – 97.3 %, 2013 – 96.4 %). A structure of disease incidence in employees of EMERCOM of Russia is given.

In many countries the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has rapidly expanded over the past decade. The increase in ECMO use is a consequence of multiple factors including significant advancements in extracorporeal technology, the emergence of data supporting its use, and a growing number of potential clinical applications. Experienced, equipped specialty teams can successfully transport patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome by helicopters and airplanes. Literature review focuses on the various modes of ECMO as well as the clinical indications and available evidence for the use of extracorporeal support. A case report is provided concerning successful extracorporeal membrane oxygenation during aeromedical evacuation of a patient with severe respiratory failure.

Experience of use of forces and means of a medical service of Armed Forces of the Russian Federation during elimination of medical and sanitary consequences of emergency situations is presented. The problematic administrative and legal issues influencing functioning of Service of disaster medicine of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation are analyzed. Problematic issues of Service of disaster medicine should be solved via modification of guiding documents, revision of management of out-of-staff emergency formations, introduction of norms for providing with medical property intended only for elimination of medical and sanitary consequences of emergency situations, and change in training programs on specialties of clinical internship within professional competence.

A minimally invasive technique for the Bristow–Latarjet procedure with arthroscopy at large defects of the articular surfaces of the shoulder joint or insufficiency of the capsule is proposed. Comprehensive analysis of the early results of treatment was performed in 27 patients and of middle-term results – in 21 soldiers operated in 2011–2014 at the Clinics of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Kirov Military Medical Academy. The proposed technique features reduced surgical approach and the extent of damage to the subscapularis muscle when splitting. In addition, arthroscopic support helps to accurately position the graft relative to the articular surface of the blade and isolate it from the joint cavity, thus contributing to a better articulation of the humeral head and reducing the risk of nonunion and resorption. At the same time, this technique restores simultaneously the damaged anatomy of SLAP, rotator cuff tendons and posterior labrum, as well as shoulder ligaments tension.

Despite advances in medical science, osteomyelitis treatment results remain unsatisfactory due to the high frequency of amputations (10%) and disability (42%). Purpose of this study — to improve treatment results in patients with bone fractures complicated with posttraumatic osteomyelitis. There have been developed methods of treatment aimed at suppuration interruption. To justify them, an experimental study was carried out on 9 shins of 5 corpses in order to sample donor areas for perfused muscle grafts. The results of surgical treatment were assessed in 53 patients after necr-, sequestrectomy, transosseous apparatus fixation, as well as transplantation of perfused muscle grafts. Fracture healing and relief of osteomyelitis occurred in 52 patients. The developed methods of surgical treatment of fractures complicated with post-traumatic osteomyelitis proved to be effective.

200 outpatient firefighters of the State fire service of EMERCOM of Russia at the age from 21 to 45 years were examined. Evaluation of mineral bone density (BMD) has allowed firefighters to be distributed into groups: group 1 (42.5 %) with normal BMD (variability from +2.5 to –1 SD), 2 (50 %) with osteopenia (–1 to –2.5 SD), 3 (7,5 %) with osteoporosis (–2.5 SD or less). The decrease in BMD in different regions of the skeleton was uneven, mainly observed in the lumbar spine and proximal femur; to a lesser extent, in the region of the forearm. The dependence of changes in laboratory parameters on the speed and direction of metabolic processes in the bone tissue of the examined patients was shown. Reduced BMD is accompanied by a high level of resorption marker Dpyr/Cr and remodeling – osteocalcin. Increased Dpyr/Cr was associated with lower BMD of the skeleton and pathology of the hard tissues of the teeth. Thus, the higher was the concentration of Dpyr/Cr, the more extracted teeth were detected (r = 0.346; p < 0.05). An inverse relationship was typical for periodontal tissues. Along with the reduction of BMD indices signs of inflammation in the gingival tissues increased: correlation of BMD and index PI (r = –0.547; p < 0.01); BMD index and CI (r = –0.551; p < 0.01). The high degree of correlation between tooth mobility with reduced BMD (r = –0.479; p < 0.05) was noted. We found a significant relationship between Dpyr/Cr and index PMA (r = 0.382; p < 0.05). It can be concluded that the level of Dpyr/Cr reflects the activity of the pathological process not only in the bone tissue of the skeleton, but also in the mineralized tissues of the teeth and gingival tissues – soft tissue consisting of collagen fibers, and alveolar bone. It is shown that the specific bone biomarkers complement existing technologies to determine the mineral density of bone tissue. Information about the phases of bone remodeling can be obtained at the outpatient stage of firefighters examination.

Changes of blood plasma biochemical values were assessed in 570 military men serving under contract and performing training-combat tasks in extreme conditions based on metabolism regulator genes polymorphism. Military men were (21.3 ± 2.4) years old, with body weight (82.2 ± 4.5) kg, energy expenditure (6635 ± 2001) kcal/70 (kg  day). Gene alleles TFAM, PPARA and PPARGC1A correlated with successful adaptation to high exercise load during training-combat tasks. Glucose, AST, lactate, unesterified fatty acids, BUN and creatinine were the most significant parameters of blood biochemistry for assessment of successful adaptation to high exercise loads. Biochemical changes recovered to baseline three days after load cessation in military men with alleles associated with aerobic metabolism predisposition in contrast to homozygous carriers of TFAM Ser, PPARA C and PPARGC1A Ser alleles in whom biochemical changes persisted longer and were significantly different from baseline. When assessing free blood amino acids during extreme loads, lysin, cystine, arginine, alanine, glutamic acid, valine, phenylalanine and leucine were the most significant: their concentrations increased 1.5–3 fold. In those with genotypic predisposition to aerobic metabolism these alterations recovered to baseline within three days, while for TFAM Ser/Ser, PPARA C/C and PPARGC1A Ser/Ser genotypes these changes persisted and were significantly different from baseline. Our results suggest the prevalence of catabolic reactions during extreme loads in groups with TFAM Ser/Ser, PPARA C/C and PPARGC1A Ser/Ser genotypes, which makes the rehabilitation more difficult and longer.

Occult hepatitis B is a form of chronic viral hepatitis B infection in which its main serological marker (HBsAg) is absent, and HBV DNA is determined with a high level of replication in the liver and rarely in the serum. Occult hepatitis B can be detected only by one marker - total antibody to the core protein of virus – anti-HBc. The factors influencing the occurrence of occult hepatitis B, its distribution among the population and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma are reviewed in the paper. The need to develop new diagnostic test systems for blood and organ donors as well as high-risk persons is discussed.

Distribution of the major pollutants in the atmospheric air on the main streets of the city of Voronezh is presented based on visualization and transformation of spatial data using geographic information systems for management decision-making to improve the environmental situation and prevent disasters. Distribution of major pollutants on the main streets of Voronezh is reflected on a schematic map. During air sampling, there was a high level of air pollution with nitrogen dioxide, carbon oxide and dust (particulate matter). The average level of nitrogen dioxide in the air 1.69 times exceeded the maximum permissible concentration and carbon monoxide — 1.1 times, the dust — 1.1 times. Harmful substances accumulate in the atmosphere as a result of motor vehicles, which make the largest contribution to the pollution of the city. Fluctuations in the concentration of pollutants in the sampling points were extremely uneven, which was associated with different traffic load.

In the article, a pedagogical model for forming preparedness of cadets of higher education institutions of Fire Service of EMERCOM of Russia to professional activity with use of physical training is described. Structural elements of preparedness to professional activity with use of physical training are identified in cadets of higher education institutions of Fire Service of EMERCOM of Russia. According to these elements, the following blocks of model were developed: a target block of abilities and personality potential of graduates; administrative, procedural, integrative blocks and a block of psychology and pedagogical conditions. The model effectiveness was assessed as a tool for the ordered interaction between all other components and as having organizing impact on all stages of formation of preparedness of cadets to professional activity with use of physical training in higher education institutions of Fire Service of EMERCOM of Russia.

Human exploration of space and ocean ultimately involves the development of loop ecological systems – hermetic objects that provide human activity in different environments. One of the main tasks of artificial ecological systems is to maintain human health and performance along with increased safety of a loop system, especially its fire safety. In recent decades, artificial atmospheres with low oxygen content are believed to be an optimal solution. However, decreased volume of oxygen in the environment leads to hypoxia in people working within such an object. Replacement of the oxygen volume with indifferent gases could be a compromise solution. But up to now, there are no convincing data about influence of such gas environment on working capacity and functional condition of humans. This article presents findings obtained during 60-day continuous stay of humans in the normobaric hypoxic environment (О2 14 %, Ar 35 %).