The basic information about the life and scientific work of Efim Anatolyevich Dyskin (1923–2012), Hero of the Soviet Union, Major-General of Medical Service, Doctor of Medical Sciences Professor, Honorary Doctor of the Kirov Military Medical Academy is presented. In June 1941, he volunteered for the front, where, after a short course of military training became the gunner of anti-aircraft battery which guarded Moscow from bombings. There E.A. Dyskin earned his first medal "For Service in Battle". By mid-November 1941 the Nazis came particularly close to Moscow. In the morning of November 17 the Germans launched a massive air strikes and mortar fire against the positions of 694 Artillery Regiment, only one gun, where the gunner was E.A. Dyskin, survived in the third battery. Then 20 German tanks went ahead. Severely injured soldier kept firing almost point-blank and shot down 7 enemy tanks in this battle preventing them from breaking through to the Volokolamsk highway and on to Moscow. Then there was a long difficult treatment in military hospitals of Vladimir, Sverdlovsk and Samarkand. On April 12, 1942 a decree was issued conferring on E.A. Dyskin the highest award of the motherland - the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. In the same decree the list of awardees included Major-General I.V. Panfilov. Later, E.A. Dyskin graduated from the Kirov Military Medical Academy (1947), prepared and defended Ph.D. (1951) and doctoral thesis (1962), was elected as a head of the Department of normal anatomy of the Academy (1968), and conducted scientific, educational and social activities. E.A. Dyskin – author of over 200 scientific papers, many of which are relevant up to now.

During the Great Patriotic War, a total of more than 600 thousand of the wounded and sick were delivered to hospitals with the help of marine evacuation, including the Black Sea Fleet – 412,332, Baltic Fleet – 36,273, Northern Fleet — 60,749. In June 1941, passenger and cargo-passenger ships with total capacity of 3,100 beds were available for medical evacuation. One feature of the evacuation of the wounded and sick was that it was carried out using not only special evacuation ships, but also temporarily allocated ships for various purposes as well as warships of all classes. On the Black Sea Fleet and the Baltic Fleet non-special vehicles evacuated even more wounded and sick than sanitary transport ships.

Since the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, a harmony of dynamic medical monitoring of flight crews broke. Intense combat activities of flying personnel in difficult combat conditions required a new approach to the organization of medical monitoring of the health of flight crews. Annual examination of aircrews by medical-flight commissions was canceled. The main form of medical monitoring of the health and fighting capacity of flight crews during 1941–1943 were periodic medical examinations carried out by physicians of combat units. Combat flights contributed to the rapid development of depletion of physiological reserves of the organism, and therefore an organized rest period of 5–10 days became available to fighter aircrews after 100 hours of combat raids and bomber aircrews after 200 hours of combat raids, with subsequent return to their units. Flight technical personnel with compromised health status after ensuring 200 sorties had to be referred to holiday homes for up to 15 days. In addition, a day-off was provided to flying and technical personnel of the army for every 10 days of flight operations. In August 1944, army aviation hospitals were organized and medical-flight commissions started to conduct medical-flight examinations. Since January 1945, doctors of aviation units had to conduct special cards for persons with compromised health. Individual cards helped to study pilots’ health depending on the flight load and combat activities over time.

The history of organization of Leningrad fire guard during the first year of the Great Patriotic War is described. Already at the beginning of August 1941 regional departments of fire guard as well as facility and district fire brigades were organized. During the siege, the personnel of the fire guard consisted of 11,590 people. In a short time the fire brigades, with an active assistance from the population, fit 228 existing water reservoirs for fighting fires. 272 reservoirs with the total capacity of 120 thousand cubic meters were dug. In addition, 142 water tanks were built, 16 artesian wells were restored. On the banks of the Neva, 65 rivers and canals 156 piers were built. During the preparation of the city to fire defense 50.1 thousand wooden barns and other combustible outbuildings were torn down, over 19 million square meters of attics were covered with superphosphate daubing, more than 100 thousand cubic metres of sand were brought to houses, raised upstairs to attics, more than 100 thousand barrels of water were harvested. In the first months of the war Leningrad was exposed to 10 raids every day, which lasted up to 5-6 hours or even more. During September, October and November 1941, 1739 fires occurred in the city not mentioning small fires. During the siege, 1593 officers of the fire guard died from hunger and wounds.

Injuries and deaths in fires over 2008–2012 have been analyzed in countries where about 1.2 billion people leave and more than 3.3 million fires are recorded annually. The following risks were calculated: risk of fire per 1 thousand people per year (R₁ = 2.99 • 10^–3), risk of injury (R_2j = 2.99 • 10^–2) and death (R_2d = 1.18 • 10^–2) per 100 fires, the individual risk of injury (R_3i= 5.70 • 10^–5) and death (R_3d = 2.08 • 10^–5) during fires per 100 thousand population of array of countries under study. Countryspecific indicators of optimal, acceptable and high risks were defined. Annually in Russia over the analyzed period, about 180 thousand fires occur that kill more than 13 thousand people. At the optimum level R₁ – 1.27 • 10^–3 fires per year in Russia, there are elevated risks R_2j – 7.10 • 10^–2 and R_3j – 9.00 • 10^–5 injured in fires annually, R_2d – 7.31 • 10^–2 and R_3d – 9.27 • 10^–5 killed in fires each year. Social status of the victims (2004–2013) and the circumstances that contributed to loss of life (2009–2013) in fires in Russia were studied. Workers, employees and entrepreneurs in the social structure of the victims comprised 15.4 %, retired – 29.7 %, persons with disabilities – 6 %, children – 4.2 %, the unemployed and the homeless – 36.2 %, other – 8.5 %. 52.3 % of deaths in fires occurred due to drunkenness, 1.7 % – due to leaving young children unattended, 2.1 % - due to disease, 4 % – due to disability hindering self-rescue, 19.7 % – due to sleeping, 1.9 % – due to violations of safety rules by Emercom personnel, 18.3 % – for other reasons. Fire risk accounting will contribute to the calculation of forces and means to extinguish fires and their consequences, and analysis of circumstances will help to prevent deaths in fires.

Results of statistical studies on the incidence, injuries, deaths, disability and mortality of staff of divisions of Emercom of Russia over 2010–2014 are presented. The dynamics and structure of morbidity of employees of Federal Fire Service of Emercom of Russia over 2010–2014 are described. Statistics on injuries and death of personnel of Emercom of Russia during the service activity is analyzed for 2010–2014. We have studied the distribution of accidents by activity types at the time of injury (death) as well as cases of disability and deaths in personnel of Federal Fire Service of Emercom of Russia for 2010–2014. The results of the analysis can be the basis for managerial decision-making in the field of labor protection and personnel operations, as well as for the prevention of injuries and improvement of working conditions in the departments of Emercom of Russia.

This article deals with the analysis of morbidity among immigrants who came from the regions of Ukraine, Russia, Belarus affected by the Chernobyl disaster – these immigrants were registered in the Chernobyl registry in Israel (CRI). Since October 1989 to the present time more than 1 million people including about 350 thousand people that lived in the Chernobyl region had left former Soviet Union to permanent residence in Israel. This group represents 5 % of Israel's population and 28% of all immigrants from the former Soviet Union. Altogether there are 113,500 people registered in the CRI, including about 1,700 liquidators of the Chernobyl accident. People aged 65 years and older make up 25.2 % of the total number of persons under supervision in the CRI. Analysis of the results of observations for the period after the Chernobyl accident shows that for all categories of the population, who arrived in Israel from the regions affected by the Chernobyl accident, there has been an increase in the frequency of non-cancer diseases. There is also an increase of somatic diseases prevalence, and among them cardiovascular disease, diabetes and some others take the leading place. For example, the incidence of diabetes for contingent of the CRI (all ages for the 1996–2013 years of observation) was 1.5 times higher compared to the general population of immigrants from the former Soviet Union, and 1.75 times – compared with the data for the residents of Israel. Higher levels of coronary heart disease and stroke were observed in immigrants from the Chernobyl region for the age group from 51 years and older compared to immigrants from the former Soviet Union. It was also found that rates of cancer pathology were on average higher than in the general Israeli population for immigrants from the Chernobyl region, which were in adolescence and early adulthood (13–18 years) in the year of the Chernobyl accident (1986). This applies to such kinds of diseases as breast cancer, colon cancer, uterine cancer and ovarian cancer. Morbidity of immigrants from older age groups (born in 1926–1935 and 1936–1955), which were from 31 to 60 years old in the year of the Chernobyl accident, does not statistically differ from that of the population of Israel as a whole (with the exception of colon cancer in women). It should be noted that significant differences in leukemia and thyroid cancer incidence were not observed between compared contingents. Increase incidence of some cancer types for immigrants from the Chernobyl region compared to immigrants from other parts of the former Soviet Union may be indicative of possible long-term effects of radiation during their stay in the area of radioactive contamination.

Standard and legal basis, and also experience of introducing modern technologies in inpatient department of emergency medical care of the Saint-Petersburg I.I. Dzhanelidze Research Institute of Emergency Medicine are presented. Relevance of results from hospitalization growth and chronic overload of hospital receptions; this threatens availability, efficiency and quality of health care. The new model is connected with specific architectural and planning decisions (zoning, modern territorially available round-the-clock diagnostic service, beds of ambulance) and based on the principles of sorting patients by severity with flows (red, yellow, green areas), expeditious diagnostics in order to reduce unreasonable hospitalization and effectively use specialized beds. The first results of work showed effective performance in new conditions, revealed problem zones and also helped to develop recommendations on activity arrangements.

The analysis of 978 case histories of soldiers with combat ENT trauma during the counter-terrorist operation in the North Caucasus (1999–2002) is provided. The criteria for the analysis of military medical characteristics were the quantity, nature and structure of sanitary losses. According to A.A. Gorokhov (2013), the proportion of soldiers with combat ENT trauma in the total sanitary losses was 7.5 % vs 8.6 % as per our study. 39.4 % of the victims were under the age of 21, 27.2 % – from 21 to 30 years, 25.8 % – from 31 to 40 years and 7.6 % – over 40 years. Gunshot wounds in the structure of combat ENT injuries were in 36.8 % of the victims, bruises – in 23.4 %, contusion – in 29.1%, the combined trauma – in 9.5 % and burns – in 1.2 % of the victims. Damage to the nose and paranasal sinuses comprised 45.4 %, neck – 22.8 %, of the outer ear and mastoid process – 32.8 %. Bruises and contusions (52.5 %) are milder injuries than gunshot wounds; hence, mild, moderate and severe injuries comprised 49.8 %, 39.4 and 10.8 %. It is logical to predict that the sanitary ENT losses during modern local conflicts will be generally less severe than during the Great Patriotic War and their treatment outcomes should be more favorable. Isolated ENT injuries were observed in 36.3 %, combined – in 63.7 %, among of them 16.3 % were multiple. Growth in combined ENT injuries in local wars is associated with increased use of mines and explosive devices and, as a result, with increasing frequency of shrapnel wounds of the head; that is why neurosurgical teams should be arranged at the first (zonal) level of specialist care. Analysis of the outcomes of hospital treatment in soldiers with combat ENT trauma showed that 92.7 % of the victims were returned to detachments without changing physical qualification, 6.8 %, were dismissed from the Armed Forces of Russia, and 0.5 % died.

Results of monitoring of 4 spring ecosystems located in the Ivanovo region with varying anthropogenic impact as indicators of the environment quality via the bonitation of vegetation and analysis of the content of heavy metals in it are presented. As a bio-indicator of man-made pollution, ruderal plants are recommended, namely meadow fescue and stinging nettle. Weighted samples of air-dried soil and plants were subjected to «wet» ashing, and concentrations of heavy metals were determined in the resulting solution using atomic absorption method. The relationship is established between the state of natural plant communities, changes in the properties of the soil, the quality of the spring water and the level of anthropogenic impact on these ecosystems. Promising plant accumulators - field mustard and cultivated oat – are suggested to remove heavy metals from the contaminated soil.

Current mental state changes were assessed depending on the polymorphism of genes associated with metabolism in 570 male conscripts from units performing special tasks of power structures of the Republic of Belarus. The average age of servicemen was (21.3 ± 2.4) years. The correlation was detected between ACTN3, TFAM, PPARA and PPARGC1A alleles and mental adaptation to high physical loads of combat training missions during 7-day field exercise in accordance with the plan of troop training, tactical training guidance and field manuals. ACTN3 X, TFAM Thr, PPARA G and PPARGC1A Gly alleles were associated with high tolerance to physical stress. The features of the current mental state were established in servicemen based on their anxiety, well-being, activity and mood during combat training associated with high physical loads depending on the genotype of candidate genes. Screening of ACTN3, TFAM, PPARA PPARGC1A gene polymorphism helps to select subjects able to perform specific tasks associated with high physical activity.

Indicators of the physical readiness to conduct counterterrorism and military operations are described in 73 officers of special forces. It was found that the main indicators of physical readiness to conduct special operations are a high level of general and speed endurance, as well as coordination and precision movements. This may also include high physical fitness to overcome obstacles, and motor experience in carrying out complex missions. Of great importance is willingness to use the right tactics in melee fights, strength and speed of movements in the premises. Identified indicators of physical readiness in special forces officers to conduct special operations help to optimize pedagogical activities during their physical training.

There have been reviewed the literature data on using treatment and rehabilitation methods based on the biofeedback principle to correct disorders in mental and emotional state of servicemen with shift activities. During military activities, complex psychogenic and physical factors have a significant negative impact on their mental state, physiological functions and professional performance. According to some researchers, cyclically changing processes self-regulate systems operating through biofeedback training. Via visual and auditory analyzers, abnormal patterns of brain activity can be disrupted, with desired functional changes using rhythmic effects on the central nervous system (the method of biofeedback training (BFBtraining)). Information on the effectiveness of BFB-training in patients with various diseases is provided; however, the lack of information about mechanisms of its therapeutic effect and difficulties in interpreting the results are noted. It is concluded about the need for research aimed at improving the approaches to the identification and correction of maladjustment disorders in this category of servicemen, including the use of biofeedback training. Approaches to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method compared with other alternative methods for correction of functional state in military with shift activities are needed. The results of experiments on the correction of functional state using BFB-training in 42 officers of the Federal Fire Service of EMERCOM of Russia are presented.

The article presents the results of theoretical and empirical study of relations between psychological resources of the security of an individual and his experience of different types of emergency situations. Psychological resources are determined as characteristics of an individual that are important for his security. We examined three groups of such resources – cognitive, emotional and motivational ones. Given significant variability of “extreme situations”, we proposed our own typology of them. This typology involves assigning extreme situations to groups using two categories – obligatory occurrence and vitality of the goal to be achieved. As a result, 4 types of extreme situations were identified: I – forced with the threat to life and health; II – obligatory situations without life threat; III – self-initiated without threat to life; IV – self-initiated with the threat to life and health of the subject. Subjects of emergency situations were characterized by the presence of free will and vitality threats. Psychological security resources (cognitive, emotional and motivational) were compared in subjects of 4 types of extreme situations and control subjects. Subjects of each type of extreme situations displayed original resources of security. It is concluded that the possibility to manage involvement in the extreme situation is combined with great psychological resources of personal security.

The aim of the current study was to estimate the range and direction of migration of the population exposed to radiation on the Techa River over the period from 1950 through 2010. The study was based on the data from a database created at the Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine as a result of a long-term monitoring of the population exposed to radiation on the Techa River. The range of the migration of those exposed on the Techa River was assessed in accordance with the levels of the administrative stratification along with migration streams upon their arrival at rural communities and towns. Migration streams residing on the territory of Chelyabinsk and Kurgan oblasts at the time of exposure were compared. Over the period from 1950 through 2010, an intensification of the migration of the population exposed on the Techa was observed, and since 1961, the proportion of persons migrating outside the Urals region has increased. At later time after the start of the exposure, the relocation of exposed residents to cities became more noticeable compared with relocations to the rural areas. The persons exposed on the territory of Kurgan oblast were more prone to distant migration than the exposed residents of Chelyabinsk oblast.

Questionnaires and the original methodological approach to integrated assessment of life quality and professional activity settings of an aircrew were developed. These questionnaires characterize each professionally significant component of pilots’ life quality and professional activity settings and also give an integrated assessment to the degree of their compliance with requirements imposed to the pilot by his profession. Via survey of 227 pilots, questionnaires for assessment of pilots’ life quality and professional activity settings were checked for adequacy and sufficiency, and the methodological approach to integrated assessment of these parameters was checked for validity.