In the overall structure of those hospitalized in military hospitals of the country the proportion of female soldiers who were in the area of counter-terrorist operations in the North Caucasus in 1999-2002 was negligible (about 1 %). Of the women who received medical care, 90.2 % served under military contract and 9.8 % were civilian personnel. 76.6 % of female soldiers have military ranks of privates and sergeants. Among hospitalized, medical professionals (57.4 %) and employees of military depots and catering services (19.1 %) dominated, which can be explained by their greater numbers. Differences in age among women of different military ranks were significant (p < 0.01). 18.5 % of hospitalized women had battle (10.7 %) and household injuries and trauma, 29.2 % - infectious diseases, 29.8 % - somatic disorders, 21.9 % - gynecological diseases and pregnancy and its complications. Leading causes of hospitalization in the officers were infectious diseases (55.6 %), in warrant officers - injuries (26.5 %) and somatic disorders (50 %), in female privates and sergeants -infectious (33.3 %) and somatic (45.4 %) diseases. Distribution of hospitalized women in clinical groups was statistically significantly associated with their military specialties (p < 0.05). Older female soldiers consistently tended to be hospitalized for physical illnesses, and younger female soldiers were more frequently hospitalized for infectious diseases. 17 % of female soldiers received inpatient care at one stage of medical evacuation (in one medical institution), 46.7 % - at two and 36.3 % - at three stages. Age, military rank and specialty had not statistical relationships with the number of stages of medical evacuation. Medical care for injuries and wounds was completed at one or two stages in only 47 % of cases. Not only the severity of the injury, but also the need for reconstructive treatment may have contributed to increased number of stages of evacuation. It is also likely that in case of gynecological pathology, the number of stages could be reduced if primary care gynecologists were available. Results of the analysis of military health characteristics suggest that the medical service and the command should address a number of problems related to health and medical care in women soldiers at the battle field.

This article is a continuation of research of suicidal burns in the countries of the Middle East (2013). Selfimmolation is a serious medical and social problem. The motivation of the people who commit these acts is not always understood. The frequency of such cases amounts to 9 % of burn victims annually admitted to specialized clinics. In the work, there are underlined differences between suicidal burns and injuries due to accidents that occurred at home or at work. Their treatment requires considerable expenses, attracting specialists from different disciplines, long medical, psychological, and social rehabilitation. Suicidal self-immolations in the developed countries of Europe and America, as well as in Southeast Asia significantly differ from those in developing countries. First, rate of suicidal burns in developed countries is significantly lower than in developing countries. Second, the victims in developed countries are older. Third, in these countries suicidal attempt are often committed by mentally ill, alcohol and drug abusers. At the same time, common problems that lead to self-immolation are the lack of understanding in the family, low level and quality of life, needlessness in the society, loneliness. Injured commit this act, as a rule, deliberately. Despite treatment in specialized hospitals using modern medical equipment, expensive medications, mortality is high.

Experience of creation and application of medical services of specialized fire department, which deals with extinguishing large fires (Headquarters of Russia Emercom in the Republic of Karelia), in medical assistance to clean up the aftermath of emergencies during the period from 2010 to 2012 has been summarized. Regulatory basis is provided for the creation and functioning of the medical service, its main results in providing medical assistance to victims and Emercom professionals in case of traffic accidents, fires and other emergencies. It was considered expedient to use the experience gained during the construction of medical institutional forces and means of the Russian Emercom.

According to WHO, every year road traffic accidents (RTA) globally kill nearly 1.2 million people, including more than 26 thousand peoples in Russia, and 20-50 million people are injured, in Russia - 270 thousand people. Surgical tactics in colon injuries (CI) in RTA victims remains an urgent problem in the daily work of emergency surgeons because of the increasing traffic trauma, high incidence of postoperative complications and high mortality. In the overall structure of abdominal injuries, CIs rank 3rd - 4th and are observed in 4-17 % of cases and 2.9 times less than small intestine injuries due to a more favorable anatomic location; usually, more serious traumatic effects on the body from the outside cause CIs. Therefore, 70-89 % of CIs are multiple or combined. Frequency of colon lesions varies in different colon segments because of their anatomical location, as described in the literature. Most often transverse colon is damaged (45-60 % of cases), then sigmoid colon (11.5 %) and the descending colon (8.7 % of cases). High frequency of postoperative complications from 20.4 to 67.1 % is typical for CIs, share of intra-abdominal complications account for 50 to 72 %, primarily due to intestinal sutures failure reaching 69 %. Abdominal sepsis was observed in 4.0-6.35 %, surgical wound festering - in 6-33 %. The mortality rate in the postoperative period according to various sources is 13.7-41.4 %. The main causes of death were peritonitis, shock, pneumonia and concomitant severe brain injury. The paper analyzes current problems in the diagnosis and surgical tactics, taking into account the severity of the trauma and the main factors influencing the choice; the focus is on the issues which need further assessment.

The current life proceeds in the setting of expansion and extension of different politic, ideological, religion, economic etc. conflicts and crisis that lead to initiation and progress of emergencies. In the medium term, considering their impact on human potential and life safety, emergencies persist as a global obstacle to steady and long-term economic development. The professional activity of emergency servicemen, including law enforcement officers, occur in extreme conditions depending on adverse and climatic factors. Various hazards, their intensity and duration cause health disorders, from functional to persistent pathological ones, in law enforcement officers. The professional load may appear as overexertion and depletion of regulatory capabilities with health aggravation and, eventually, in reduced quality of professional activity up to impossibility to keep on.

The analysis was based on collected clinical data of 298 employees of the Federal Fire Service (FFS) of the Russian Federation. Trace elements and the intestinal microbiota were studied. 75 FFS employees (25.2 %) were diagnosed with metabolic syndrome (MS). There were typical changes both in composition of intestinal microbiota associated with steatosis and bioelementnal status, namely deficiency of essential elements (iodine, cobalt, magnesium, selenium, zinc, manganese) and incorporation of toxic elements (like cadmium). Feces for intestinal dysbiosis were investigated in 40 employees. Degree 2 dysbiosis was detected in 32 firefighters, degree 3 dysbiosis - in 8 employees. The dysbiosis manifested as reduction in Escherichia with normal enzymatic properties, bifidobacteria, lactobacilli and increased levels of opportunistic enterobacteria (Proteus, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus aureus). Relationship between changes in intestinal microbiota and diselementoses was documented. Lack of essential trace elements (zinc, magnesium and manganese), which are active centers of various enzymes in microorganisms within the normal flora, negatively affects the growth and activity of the normal flora of the bowel and accelerates the growth of pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microorganisms.

In 21 liquidators of the Chernobyl accident aftermath (LCAA) with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), strength of respiratory muscles was assessed. It was reduced as compared with the control group. We made attempt to determine whether angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors improve respiratory muscle strength in these patients. These patients with stable COPD used perindopril at a dose of 4 mg per day in addition to their standard therapy during 4 months. The following parameters were determined by total body plethysmography: maximum inspiratory pressure (PImax) and maximum expiratory pressure (PEmax), flow rate and volume parameters of respiratory function before and after therapy. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and mean pulmonary artery pressure were defined by Doppler echocardiography. The results of our investigation showed (compared with the baseline data) significant increase in PEmax and PImax after therapy with perindopril from (57 ± 27) % of the predicted value to (78 ± 34) %, and from (62 ± 20) to (73 ± 15) %, respectively (p < 0.05). LVEF did not increase significantly (from (54 ± 5) to (57 ± 10) %, p > 0.05); mean pulmonary artery pressure decreased from (27.0 ± 4.1) mm Hg to (22.4 ± 3.5) mm Hg (p < 0.05). There were no changes in the parameters of respiratory function. In LCAA with COPD, long-term treatment with the ACE-inhibitor perindopril improved respiratory muscle strength, which led to significant increase in PImax and PEmax, moderately reduced pulmonary artery pressure and had no effect on lung function.

Experimental studies have shown that the combined effect on animals of cytostatic (cisplatin) and cranio-caudal gamma-irradiation causes a significant increase in microbial contamination of the oral mucosa. At the height of chemoradiation oral mucositis (on the 15th day after irradiation), the number of colonies of nonhemolytic streptococci, staphylococci, enterobacteria increased by 3 times, Candida albicans and Candida glabrata - by 5 times in comparison with the group of intact animals. Course of injections of molixan at a dose of 30 mg/kg (during 15 days after chemoradiation damage) promoted normalization of microbiocenosis and reduced severity of oral mucositis. In animals treated molixan, the quantity of staphylococcus colonies decreased by 3 times, anaerobic bacteria - by 1.7 times, enterobacteria - by 1.6 times, non-hemolytic streptococcus - by 2.2 times, Candidas - by 3 times. When own antimicrobic activity of molixan was assessed, it was established that the preparation had direct bactericidal effect only in concentration from 400 mcg/ml and above.

The somatosensory cortex single neurons activity was studied in cats when testing original hypoxia-hypercapnia model. 24 experiments were performed on cats with weight of 3.5-4.0 kg. Under aethaminalum- natrium narcosis (30-35 mg/kg introperitoneally), soft tissues of head were cut and trepanation holes were made in the skull. Then animals were intubated and unmoved by muscle relaxant for starting of artificial breathing. Evoked potentials and cortex neurons reactions were registered in response to electrical stimulation of contralateral radial nerve by single square-wave pulses with 5-7 V amplitude and 0.2 ms duration. Stage I hypoxia occurred in animals (7.1 ± 1.2) min after start of required model conditions of experiment, II - in (34.6 ± 3.3) min, III - in (50.3 ± 3.5) min, IV - usually in (55.9 ± 3.8) min. In studying of acute hypoxia-hypercapnia action on cat neurons impulse activity, 77 neurons were registered. Clear changes in spontaneous and evoked neurons activities were associated with the rise of hypoxic status in the experimental animals. In mild hypoxia (15 min), the spontaneous impulse frequency of neuron increased from 6 (baseline) to 21 per second. After intensification of hypoxic condition (II and III stages), further quantitative changes in spontaneous and evoked neuron activity were observed. Just before transition of animal to stage IV (terminal), the neuron (50 min of observation) had stopped generating action potentials, becoming practically unresponsive. These phasic changes of neuron activity helped to reveal the role of hypercapnia factor in the gradual process of acute hypoxia-hypercapnia in animals

Cytogenetic analysis was performed in peripheral blood lymphocytes in different groups of persons who were exposed to ionizing radiation during their professional activities (61 persons), as well as in inhabitants of Semipalatinsk nuclear testing region (26 persons). Period of time from irradiation till cytogenetic analysis was from 1 to 49 years. Analysis of unstable chromosome aberrations revealed statistically increased frequency of all types of chromosome disturbances (3.25 ± 0.24) % in the group of exposed persons, including paired fragments (0.74 ± 0.11) % and cytogenetic radiation markers (0.36 ± 0.06) %, compared with control group (1.91 ± 0.20), (0.29 ± 0.05), (0.04 ± 0.02) %, respectively. Therefore, cytogenetic analysis performed many years after irradiation (up to 49 years) makes it possible to confirm the radiation exposure including emergencies.

For the purpose of forecasting of change of incidence of staff of Navy at performance of tasks in areas of flooding of the chemical weapon as model incidence of the personnel working in the conditions of threat of influence of highly toxic components of the chemical weapon at objects of storage and destruction of fighting poison gases is studied. The revealed regularity of change of relative sizes of dynamics of the general and primary incidence of the military personnel formed a basis for forecasting of incidence of staff of connection of the surface ships at performance of tasks in areas of flooding of the chemical weapon. Significant influence of the fact of performance of tasks in chemically dangerous regions of the World Ocean on fighting capacity of crews of the surface ships of Navy is revealed.

Currently, cancerogenic ability of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) has been proven, however their genotoxic effects promoting cancerogenesis has not been validated. Fish of inland waters are POPs hyperaccumulators (mainly dioxins). Effect of POPs on genomic instability (genotoxic effects) in fish was the topic of a specially conducted analytical review. Literature search allows for making conclusion that in fish living in POPs polluted waters, higher genomic instability revealed by micronucleus test has often been demonstrated. Thus, possibility of genotoxic effects of POPs in antropogenicly polluted environment should be admitted.

This article is devoted to the mental health of military staff on combat duty command posts of the Russian Air Force (AF). The study included 554 military men of the AF central command post and 150 military men of command control centers for special purposes in the course of combat duty in special facilities. Adverse environmental factors included closed space, low light, the excess of atmospheric pressure, high ambient temperature, vibration and noise, a wide spectrum of electromagnetic radiation generated by the equipment. The leading untoward mental health features in the military are accentuation signs, hypothymia, increased state and trait anxiety and poor quality of life. Despite the fact that high-ranking command centers perform more responsible social and professional tasks and, therefore, the operating personnel is exposed to more pronounced emotional stress, servicemen of these command posts is more satisfied action with their quality of life. The data obtained allow optimization of further psychoprophylaxis among the military at the AF command posts on combat duty.

In the review, there have been considered the concepts of dependence of individuals' reactions to stressful conditions of extreme professional activity on variety of his/her individual properties. There have been analyzed the data pointing at expedience of a systemic approach to definition of determining factors of vocational success in those engaged in hazardous occupations. It has been shown that effectiveness and reliability of activity of such specialists was stipulated by a complex of their psychophysiological and social-psychological characteristics, with the main role of individual-typological properties of the nervous system, features of mental state, sensorimotor reactions, cognitive, personal sphere, behavioral coping strategies as well as indices of social well-being. It has been indicated that no single theory was able to explain individuals' stress tolerance by a total of definite psychophysiological and social-psychological characteristics, and it was necessary to specify them in order to strengthen the diagnostic and correctional components of psychophysiological support of specialists in connection with increasing stress-producing character of their vocational activities.

According to the anonymous psychological survey, the prevalence of risk of addictive behavior among 260 students of higher naval schools is about 50 % as for chemical addictive behavior, while the risk of developing non-chemical forms of addictive behavior does not exceed the general population level (5 %). Surveyed students were divided into 4 groups: I (control group) - no risk of addictive behavior (44 %), II - risk of alcohol and drug dependence (30 %), III - risk of nicotine dependence (15 %), IV - combined risk of alcohol, drug and nicotine dependence (11 %). To determine the psychological features of students with different kinds of chemical addictive behaviors, a psychodiagnostic method was used. Such features as dominance coupled with anxiety and propensity to take risks with low emotional sensitivity were established to be psychological determinants of different forms of chemical dependency.