Data on blast injuries in peacetime are provided (accidental or intentional methane explosions in mines, tanks with gas, explosives, fuel or gas, gas pipelines, product pipelines, as well as explosion of military ordnance - grenades, mines, fuses, shells, which were accidentally found by children or maliciously used by terrorists). There were collected epidemiological data on man-made disasters in coal mines and blast injuries during terrorist attacks, the physical parameters of which could be identified only approximately; injuries of this type are mostly multiple and combined, thus presenting significant challenges for health care. The reasons and circumstances of peacetime explosions were analyzed, with detailed description of the damaging factors, mechanisms and features of blast injuries. We describe the pathogenesis of blast injury, basic and clinical manifestations of lesions in the explosions.

Results of clinical and anthropological study of three groups of patients with mental disorders of macrosocial genesis are provided: unemployed miners (n = 300) aged (48.6 ± 8.8) years, combatants (n = 400) aged (29.5 ± 6.7) years and migrants (n = 100) aged (43.7 ± 11.8) years. Epidemiological, dynamic, syndromological, stereotypic, pathogenetic, psychotherapeutic and features of mental disorders of macrosocial genesis are described. By groups, ten psychotherapeutic target parameters are provided, which were the base for the course of medical and social rehabilitation and psychotherapy of patients in general.

There were examined 83 administrative professionals of EMERCOM of Russia at the age from 34 up to 65 years old. All participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assess the presence and severity of cerebral white matter lesions. Gliosis foci (cerebral white matter lesions [WML]) were detected in 60 (72 %) participants. Association was established between WML and management experience, atherosclerosis markers, circadian blood pressure rhythm. The most significant factors of micro WML were increased carotid intima-media thickness, carotid atherosclerotic plaques and degree of stenosis. In patients without pathological changes in carotid walls, non-dipping blood pressure and morning blood pressure surge were the major risk factors. Micro WML were associated with severity of brain atrophy (substitution hydrocephalus).

Methodological approach to pharmaceutical support for emergency medical aid to the population in emergency situations is considered. Approach to formation of optimal assortment and amount of medications for rendering emergency medical assistance to affected population at prehospital stage is proposed based on the requirements of standardized clinical protocols with regard to the intended quantity and structure of sanitary casualties, their severity and nosology for each type of emergencies. It is established that medication assortment for departmental, regional and local reserves requires revision and inclusion of science-based list and quantity of modern drugs.

Medical sets and kits taken for supply of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and included in the rations of medical units and formations are a crucial element of material equipment required to provide medical assistance to the wounded (injured) and sick. For troop level of medical service, 22 sets of functional medical property intended for deployment and maintenance of dressing, operating, hospital wards and other functional units the following is provided: 9 sets of consumable medical property, including drugs and medical supplies, as well as kits of dressings and splints; 12 medical sets and kits with surgical instruments to perform surgeries and certain medical procedures. These samples of equipment can be used successfully in the liquidation of the health consequences of emergencies, ensuring rapid deployment (dismantling) of medical units in the field, the continuity of treatment and evacuation measures and medical aid to the wounded (injured) on the basis of advanced medical technologies.

Guidelines of federal and departmental (functional) level have been analyzed; they reveal the technology of development and adoption of decisions on activities to counter terrorism in the military medical organization (MMO). On the basis of the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of May 3, 2011 N 96-FZ «On Amending the Federal Law „On Combating Terrorism“», our country introduced color mode levels of terrorist threat; this required revision of arrangements to ensure the safety of medical personnel and patients in MMO with the threat of a terrorist act. A basic program is presented to counter terrorism in MMO, which includes a plan of precautionary and preventive measures, responsibilities of MMO officers with introduction of terrorist threat levels, composition of medical units to eliminate the health consequences in garrisons.

The system of medical information support for employees engaged in hazardous occupations, EMERCOM of Russia, which is implemented in the departmental information-analytical center «Medical register, EMERCOM of Russia» (A.M. Nikiforov Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine, EMERCOM of Russia, St. Petersburg), helps to analyze the state of health and functional reserves in firefighters and rescue workers for detecting early stages of diseases, assigning employees into risk groups and conducting timely rehabilitation. Disease incidence was analyzed in rescue workers and firefighters of EMERCOM of Russia taking into account the influence of vocational factors on their health and functional state. Leading functional targets of untoward effects are shown along with disease dependence on length of service and work load. Results of evaluation of the functional tests are also provided.

The purpose of investigation was to assess protective action of polyprenols (2 and 10 mg/kg) in a rat model of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSR). PTSR was reproduced in situation of unavoidable vital stress in rats by placing them into a cage with a hungry piton. For the first five minutes the piton was separated from the rats with transparent wall to get acquainted each other with a situation. Then, the wall was elevated, and piton attacked a rat in the presence of other rats (22 animals). The majority of rats shrank into a corner paralysed with terror. The other rats behaved differently. Some of them attacked the piton, bited it, but the majority raced chaotically in the cage with piton. The exposure of rats with piton was 20 minutes. Over that time it strangled and swallowed 1 or 2 rats. Polyprenols (from 8 to 18 isoprene units) were injected i.p. in doses of 2 or 10 mg/kg in oil solution for 7 days beginning from the 1st day of the experiment (the first injection was 1 h after psychogenic exposure). The behavioral reactions were assessed in open field, elevated plus maze, in Porsolt's test and in one trial passive avoidance response. The effects of polyprenols 2 and 10 mg/kg were different. Polyprenols 2 mg/kg did not change horizontal and vertical motor activity in rats, moderately (1.5 times) decreasing explorative activity and increasing grooming in open field. Emotional reactions were not changed. In the elevated plus maze, polyprenols 2 mg/kg had showed moderate anxiolytic activity manifested as 2.5-fold elevation of hangings number. In Porsolt's test for depression, polyprenols 2 mg/kg moderately increased time of active swimming and sharply decreased time of immobilization (down to zero), suggesting antidepressant properties of this dose (2 mg/kg) of polyprenols. In passive avoidance test, psychogenic stress facilitated formation and storage of skills (only 10 % of rats entered the dark chamber 24 h after formation of the skill compared with 60 % of naive rats). Polyprenols 10 mg/kg moderately activated explorative behavior and emotional response without any effect on motor activity. In the elevated plus maze, the effects of polyprenols 2 and 10 mg/kg were similar in general. In Porsolt's test, polyprenols 10 mg/kg had no significant antidepressant effect. At last, in passive avoidance test, 30 % of rats have not trained after psychogenic stress, and the trained rats reproduced the passive avoidance response with phenomenon of hypermnesia, as in control group. So, polyprenols 2 and 10 mg/kg possess anxiolytic and antidepressant activity in a rat PTSD model. Polyprenols 2 mg/kg are more effective than polyprenols 10 mg/kg.

In experiments on inbred rats neurotoxic effects of ethanol developing at acute severe intoxication by ethanol and comparative evaluation of effectiveness of peptide preparations molixan and semax as means of correction of these violations are studied. The central nervous system function (motor and research performance, decision-making speed, ability to dimensional orientation, a condition of search and research activity, physical endurance) studied by techniques «open field», «a cruciform labyrinth», «a vertical core» on 2, 5, 7 and 14 days after ethanol introduction. 40 % ethanol was administrated per os in dose 1.5 LD50 (12 g/kg), semax - intranasal in a single dosage of 3 mg/kg, molixan was injected intraperitoneum in a single dosage of 30 mg/kg. It was used treatment and prophylactic scheme of application of preparations (in 1 h prior to and right after ethanol introduction). It was established that ethanol causes in rats violation of motor, research and search performance, speed of a decision-making, dimensional orientation and physical endurance within two weeks after intoxication beginning. Application of molixan, semax and their combinations improved restitution of the central nervous system functions caused by ethanol intoxication. Drunkenness monotherapy of semax or molixan and the combined therapy by collateral application of both preparations did not differ by efficiency from each other.

Analysis of their own research of psychosomatic state in policemen before combat missions is presented using standardized method for studying personality (SMIL), objective laboratory and instrumental diagnostics. Arrays of SMIL profiles were automatically classified (K-means clustering); to determine whether typological psychological groups correlated with somatic characteristics, software algorithm "syndromic data analysis" (SAND) was applied. The research allowed objective characterization of psychosomatic state in combatants departing on mission.

Research publications on military sexual trauma (MST), indexed in the reference-bibliographic database Scopus in 1994-2012 were reviewed along with foreign dissertations submitted to ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database, and official electronic resources of the US Department of Veterans Affairs. MST is determined as a psychological trauma resulted from a physical assault of a sexual nature, battery of a sexual nature, or sexual harassment which occurred while the veteran was serving on active duty or active duty for training. US DVA runs a national screening program, in which every veteran seen for health care is asked about MST. As it turned out, every 4th woman and 100th man respond «yes», that they experienced MST. Usually, this only applies to veterans who sought medical help, so it is difficult to estimate the actual prevalence of sexual abuse in the military. According to the US DVA, prevalence of sexual harassment and assault is higher among women soldiers throughout their military service than among general population of women across the lifespan. MST is a stressful event, not a diagnosis, and there are a variety of reactions that women veterans can have in response to MST, as well as their needs. MST prevalence, risk factors and possible health consequences are described. PTSD risk was found to be 9-fold higher in women veterans with MST history as compared to women veterans without MST.

The results of the study of alexithymia ising the TAS technique and psychological setting ising C. Jung technique in 242 HIV-infected patients (mean age 28.5 ± 2.1 years) are presented. Men and women in the studied sample were equally divided. Control group indicators consisted of 55 survey healthy individuals' data similar to those of patients by gender, age, level of education. The distribution of patients in the study was conducted by CDC classification. 130 (53.7 %) of patients belonged to the «A» clinical and immunological category (stage) (the initial stage of clinical manifestations), 25.6 % (62) - to the «B» stage and 20.7 % (50) - to «C» stage (AIDS). The expected duration of HIV infection in 40.5 % (98) patients was up to 3 years, 37.2 % (90) - 4 to 7 years and 22.3 % (54) - more than 7 years. It is found that at «A» stage the amounts of alexithymic and non- alexithymic patients were about the same (24.2 and 27.3 %, respectively). At «C» stage the alexithymic patients were dominated (63.6 %). It was a significant (p < 0,01) increase in the test data in HIV infection patients both during the progression of the disease, and during the increase of its duration. Probably alexithymia in its pathological form reflects a depression and it can be considered as a defense mechanism, but on the other hand - there is a HIV cytopathogenic effect on the central nervous system. Knowledge of personality characteristics is essential to develop a commitment to perform diagnostic and therapeutic medical prescriptions in affected patients.